Public hospitals are the mainstay of China’s healthcare service system and play a crucial role in promoting the construction of a Healthy China. A scientific financial and accounting supervision system can effectively ensure the realization of the financial and accounting supervision objectives of public hospitals. Through the construction of the “1455” framework, it determines the goals and requirements for financial supervision, clarifies the functions, scope, and path of financial supervision. Taking China-Japan Friendship Hospital as an example, it summarizes the innovative practices and achievements in improving systems, strengthening budget management, and promoting digitalization, based on the five major systems and five functions of the supporting framework. It provides practical experience for the establishment and improvement of the financial supervision system in public hospitals, promotes the realization of the goals of financial supervision in the healthcare industry, and advances the modernization of the healthcare governance system and governance capabilities.