With the changes of general health environment in China，the residents' demand for healtheare keeps growing. The single-payer system mainly comprises of basic medical insurance not only covering the basic demand and promoting industrial innovation，but also taking into account the general health management to improve the health level. The demand and supply leverage of medical security are facing the risk of imbalance. It is urgent to innovate the governance system and construct a multi-level medical security system to establish and improve the multi-payer system. Based on the perspective of multi-level medical security system，the current situation and dilemma of single-payer system are discussed. Analysis of the necessity and economics of multi-payer system are conducive to provide references for promoting the construction of multi-level medical security system and the cooperative governance and development of health insurance in the future.