Objective to explore the factors that affect the treatment behavior of rural residents in Henan Province. and to provide reference for the improvement of initial Medical Care. Methods the method of statistical analysis was used to describe the sample, the multivariate Logistic Regression analysis was used to analysis of the factor that influence the selection of the first medical institution in the patients with "common disease". Results the rural residents in “cold and fever” and other common diseases, their behaviors with significant difference(p=0.000);different occupational effects on the first diagnosis of “cold and fever” was significant(p=0.022);different educational level effects on the first diagnosis of other common diseases was significant(p=0.000). Conclusion the initial medical care of common diseases is influenced by the type of diseases, agricultural laborers were more likely to primary diagnosis when they got a “cold and fever”; the well-educated rural residents were more likely to go to the large hospital, the income level of rural residents has not become the obstacle of curing common disease, the cognition of initial Medical Care was not play a guiding role for the treatment behavior of rural residents